Evidencias de validez de una escala para evaluar el ajuste a la vida universitaria / Evidence of Validity of a Scale to Assess College Adjustment / Evidências de validade de uma escala para avaliar a adaptação à vida universitária

El propósito de la investigación fue desarrollar una escala para medir el proceso de ajuste a la vida universitaria. Este constructo multifactorial se basa en un modelo teórico de tres dimensiones: académica, social e institucional. La muestra principal estuvo conformada por 673 estudiantes: 42.1 % mujeres, 57.7 % hombres y 0.3 % otro, con un promedio de 18.29 años. En el primer análisis se encontraron evidencias asociadas al contenido de las dimensiones de la escala denominada AjusteU. En el análisis de validez convergente se halló una correlación de 0.582 a un nivel de significancia del 0.01 (bilateral) con el instrumento CAVU, otra medida del ajuste a la vida universitaria. En el tercer análisis se validó el planteamiento teórico con los datos empíricos mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Finalmente, en el análisis predictivo se comprobó que la puntuación de la escala AjusteU se asoció significativamente con el rendimiento del primer período universitario. Se concluye que estas evidencias empíricas permiten un uso adecuado de los resultados, especialmente en la toma de decisiones oportunas para favorecer el proceso de transición de secundaria a la educación superior. La principal limitación fue la aplicación de la escala en modalidad remota en el contexto de pandemia, por lo que las experiencias del estudiantado podrían ser diferentes en un entorno presencial

The purpose of the research was to develop a scale to measure college adjustment. The theorical model was based on three dimensions: academical, social and institutional. The principal sample was conformed for 673 students: 42.1 % women, 57.7 % men and 0.3 % other, with an average of 18.29 years old. In the first analysis were found evidence associated to the content of the dimensions of the scale denominated AjusteU. In the validity convergent analysis was found a correlation of 0.582 to a significance level of 0.01 (bilateral) with the instrument CAVU, other measure that is related to the adjustment process. In the third analysis, the theoretical approach was validated with empirical data using a structural equation model. Finally, in the predictive analysis was proved that the scoring of the scale AjusteU was associated significantly with the performance of the first period of college. The conclusion is that this empirical evidence allows an appropriate use of their results, specifically in the opportune decision making to favor the transition process from high school to higher education. The main limitation was the application of the scale in the remote modality in the pandemic context, therefore the experiences of the students might be different in an on-site experience.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver uma escala para medir o processo de adaptação à vida universitária. Este construto multifatorial é baseado em um modelo teórico de três dimensões: acadêmica, social e institucional. A amostra principal foi composta por 673 estudantes, sendo: 42.1 % mulheres, 57.7 % homens e 0.3 % outros, com idade média de 18.29 anos. Na primeira análise, foram encontradas evidências associadas ao conteúdo das dimensões da escala denominada AjusteU. Na análise de validade convergente, uma correlação de 0.582 foi encontrada em um nível de significância de 0.01 (bilateral) com o instrumento CAVU, outra medida de adaptação à vida universitária. Na terceira análise, a abordagem teórica foi validada com dados empíricos usando um modelo de equações estruturais. Por fim, na análise preditiva verificouse que a pontuação da escala AjusteU esteve significativamente associada ao desempenho do primeiro período universitário. Concluise que estas evidências empíricas permitem uma utilização adequada dos resultados, sobretudo na tomada de decisões oportunas que favoreçam o processo de transição do ensino médio para o superior. A principal limitação do estudo foi a aplicação da escala de forma remota no contexto de pandemia, de modo que as experiências do corpo discente poderiam ser diferentes em um ambiente presencial.

Ajuste escolar, empatía y conectividad con el medio ambiente natural en el marco de la educación ambiental en educación secundaria en España / School adjustment, empathy and connectedness with the natural environment in environmental education in Spanish secondary education

Resumen En investigaciones recientes se ha constatado que la empatía y la conectividad con el medioambiente natural son variables predictoras de la conducta proambiental. Sin embargo, no se han realizado trabajos en los que se analicen las relaciones entre estas dimensiones y el ajuste en la escuela, un escenario en el que tienen lugar gran parte de los programas relacionados con la educación ambiental y cuya finalidad es la de promover conductas proambientales. Con el presente trabajo se pretende analizar las relaciones entre el ajuste escolar, la empatía y la conectividad con el medioambiente natural en función del género. La muestra estuvo constituida por 881 estudiantes (47.2 % chicos), escolarizados en centros de educación secundaria (España), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17 años (M = 13.67 y SD = 1.32). Se administró una batería de instrumentos para medir el ajuste escolar, la empatía y la conectividad con el medioambiente natural. Se realizó un MANOVA para el análisis de los datos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el ajuste escolar, la empatía y la conectividad se relacionan significativamente y que el género desempeña un rol significativo en estas relaciones. También se observó que chicos y chicas con alto ajuste escolar diferían en empatía emocional, pero no en conectividad. Se discuten los resultados obtenidos y se recomienda la incorporación del ajuste escolar en los estudios y programas relacionados con la educación ambiental.

Abstract In recent research it has been observed that empathy and connectedness with the natural environment are relevant predictive variables of pro-environmental behaviour. However, no work has been done in which the relationships between these dimensions and the adjustment in the school are analysed, a context in which most of the programs related to environmental education, whose purpose is to promote pro-environmental behaviours, take place. The general aim of this paper is to analyse the relationships between school adjustment, empathy and connectedness with the natural environment according to gender. School adjustment is defined as the adolescent's ability to adapt to this context and includes aspects such as academic performance, adaptation to school rules, respect for the teacher as an authority figure, the student's attitude towards school and participation in school activities. Empathy is conceptualized as the awareness of the emotions and cognitions of others, and it is important in the school context for the promotion of coexistence and prevention of aggressive behaviors. Like empathy with people, empathy with the natural environment is a social-emotional process. It is a process that focuses on the ability to feel and understand everything related to that medium. In this line, an essential aspect of empathy is its influence on the attitudes and behaviors of people in general and towards the natural environment. An aspect related to empathy is connectedness which refers to the identification of human beings with the natural environment and the relationships they establish with it. In such a way that to study the connection with nature is to try to understand how people build their relationships and identify themselves with it. Connectedness to the natural environment is related in a negative sense to selfish beliefs and attitudes and in a positive sense to the development of attitudes towards the natural environment and ecological behavior in general. These aspects are taken into account in this work. The sample was composed of 881 students (47.2 % boys), enrolled in secondary education (Spain), aged between 12 and 17 (M = 13.67 y SD = 1.32). A battery of instruments to measure school adjustment, empathy and connectedness with the natural environment was administered. A MANOVA was used for data analysis. The results showed that the school adjustment, empathy and connectedness were significantly related and that gender had a significant role in these relationships. It was also observed that boys and girls with high school adjustment differed in emotional empathy, but not in connectedness. Results obtained are discussed and the inclusion of the school adjustment in the studies and programs related to environmental education is recommended. These results raise the idea that school adjustment, connectedness and empathy should be the subject of further analysis because their results would help to incorporate new ideas and proposals into education and intervention programs regarding the natural environment. It was expected that environmental connectedness in adolescents had the same sign as their connectedness with school, family, etc. because many studies have observed that girls have greater connectedness in these scenarios than boys; however, this result deserves a greater exploration regarding gender and its relationships with other connectedness It is recommended that the results presented be considered in future environmental education programs, mainly aimed at students and their families. All this will benefit these educational programs and interventions aimed at enhancing respect and awareness of the natural environment. In short, the promotion of pro-environmental behaviors should be defended through environmental education that seeks to ensure the health and well-being of all citizens.

School experience during adolescence: a comparative study between adolescent offenders and not offenders / A experiência escolar na adolescência: estudo comparativo entre adolescentes judicializados e não-judicializados / Experiencia escolar en adolescencia: un estudio comparativo entre adolescentes con juicios y sin juicios

This study aimed to test the school control model, inherent to the Social and Personal Control Theory, verifying which context variables and mechanisms would distinguish offender adolescents from non-offenders adolescents, aiming to understand their school experience. Sixty male adolescents (15 school-dropouts-offenders/15 student-offenders, 15 school-dropouts-nonoffenders/15 students-non-offenders), aged 14 to 18 participated (M=16,6; SD=0,78). All responded a scale formulated in the light of the theoretical framework. Data were analyzed by the Kruskall-Wallis test, with Dunn post-test. The results showed that everyone would be to some extent vulnerable to negative school-experience, depending on the context variables, and also indicated that "performance" and "school-bond" would be more associated with school-dropout, while "school constraints" with involvement in infractions. The identification of these problematic aspects in the schooling of the offender adolescents helps to think about the interventions, in the socio-educational accompaniment, aiming at an adequate (re)insertion in the school. (AU)

Este estudo objetivou testar o modelo da regulação escolar, inerente à Teoria da Regulação Social e Pessoal da Conduta, verificando quais variáveis de contexto e mecanismos distinguiriam significativamente adolescentes infratores de não infratores, visando à compreensão de sua experiência escolar. Participaram 60 adolescentes do sexo masculino (15 infratores-evadidos/15 infratores-estudantes, 15 não infratores evadidos/15 não infratores estudantes), com idades entre 14 e 18 anos (M = 16,6; DP = 0,78). Todos responderam a uma Escala formulada à luz do referencial teórico. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskall Wallis, com pós-teste de Dunn. Além de mostrar que todos seriam, em alguma medida, vulneráveis a uma experiência escolar negativa, em função das variáveis de contexto, os resultados também indicaram que "desempenho" e "vínculo escolar" estariam mais associados à evasão, e "constrangimentos escolares" ao envolvimento em atos infracionais. A identificação destes aspectos problemáticos na escolaridade dos adolescentes infratores ajuda a pensar as intervenções, no escopo do acompanhamento socioeducativo, visando uma adequada (re)inserção escolar. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprobar el modelo de regulación escolar, inherente a la Teoría de Regulación Social y Personal de la Conducta, verificando que variables de contexto y mecanismos distinguirían significativamente adolescentes infractores de no-infractores, buscando la comprensión de su experiencia escolar. Participaron 60 adolescentes de sexo masculino (15 infractores-evadidos/15 infractores-estudiantes, 15 no-infractores-evadidos/15 no-infractores-estudiantes), con edades entre 14 y 18 años (M=16,6; DP=0,78). Todos respondieron una Escala basada en referencial teórico. Los datos fueron analizados por el test de Kruskall-Wallis Test y Post-Test de Dunn. Además de mostrar que todos serían, en alguna medida, vulnerables a una experiencia escolar negativa, en función de las variables de contexto, los resultados también indicaron que "desempeño" y "vínculo escolar" estarían más asociados a evasión y "constreñimientos escolares" y a participación en actos de infracción. La identificación de estos aspectos problemáticos en la escolaridad de los adolescentes infractores ayuda a pensar en las intervenciones, en el objetivo de acompañamiento socio-educativo, buscando una adecuada (re)inserción escolar. (AU)

El cuestionario sociométrico Guess Who 4 como screening de la competencia social en educación primaria / Guess Who 4 Sociometric Questionnaire as Screening of Social Competence in Elementary Education

Resumen Este trabajo presenta la adaptación y validación española del Cuestionario Sociométrico Guess Who 4 (GW4) (Mavroveli, Petrides, Sangareau, & Furnham, 2009), que evalúa la reputación social en el contexto del grupo-aula, fundamentado en la técnica de evaluación por pares de Coie & Dodge (1988). La muestra se compone de 668 alumnos de tercero a sexto de Educación Primaria, y edades comprendidas entre 7-13 años (M= 9.6, DT= 1.11). Se analizan las correlaciones del GW4 con problemas emocionales y de conducta infantil, y rendimiento académico, en función del sexo. Los resultados avalan la fiabilidad y validez criterial del instrumento para la evaluación breve de la competencia social, con fines de investigación o de aplicación en la práctica de la evaluación psicoeducativa y la orientación psicopedagógica.

Abstract This paper presents the Spanish adaptation and validation of the Guess Who 4 Sociometric Questionnaire (GW4) (Mavroveli, Petrides, Sangareau, and Furnham, 2009), which assesses the social reputation in the context of group-classroom, based on the peer assessment technique by Coie and Dodge (1988). The sample consists of 668 students from third to sixth of primary education, aged 7-13 years (M =9.6, SD=1.11). GW4 correlations with emotional and behavioral problems of child and academic performance are analyzed. The results support the reliability and criterion validity of the instrument as a brief assessment of social competence, for use in research or application to psychoeducational assessment and counseling.

Conducta agresiva y ajuste personal y escolar en una muestra de estudiantes adolescentes españoles / Aggressive Behavior and Personal and School Adjustment in a Sample of Spanish Adolescent Students

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar en qué medida la conducta agresiva hacia los iguales predice un mayor desajuste personal y escolar en los adolescentes agresores, chicos y chicas. Se utilizó una muestra de 1510 adolescentes españoles de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Los análisis de regresión logística mostraron que, en relación con el ajuste personal, el comportamiento agresivo predice significativamente y para ambos sexos altas puntuaciones en sintomatología depresiva, estrés percibido y soledad, y bajas puntuaciones en autoestima, satisfacción vital y empatia. En el ámbito escolar, la conducta agresiva se relacionó con bajas puntuaciones en implicación académica, afiliación con los compañeros, percepción de apoyo del profesor y actitud positiva hacia la escuela.

The aim of the present study was to determine to what extent aggressive behavior toward peers predicts problems of personal and school adjustment in aggressive adolescents, boys and girls. A sample of 1510 Spanish adolescents of compulsory secondary school was used. The logistic regression analyses showed that, in relation to personal adjustment, aggressive behavior significantly predicted for both sexes high scores in depressive symptoms, perceived stress and loneliness, and low scores on self-esteem, life satisfaction and empathy. For the school variables, aggressive behavior was associated with low scores on academic involvement, affiliation with peers, perceived teacher support and positive attitude toward school.

Estatus sociométrico y violencia escolar en adolescentes: implicaciones de la autoestima, la familia y la escuela / Sociometric status and school violence on adolescents: implications of self-esteem, family and school

El objetivo general del presente estudio es examinar si el vínculo entre los escenarios de socialización familiar y escolar y la violencia escolar difiere en alumnos aceptados y rechazados. Participaron 1068 adolescentes, de entre 11 y 16 años, pertenecientes a cuatro centros educativos de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Se llevó a cabo un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con el programa EQS y se efectuaron análisis multigrupo entre adolescentes rechazados y aceptados. Los resultados muestran que el apoyo parental se relaciona con la violencia escolar a través de la percepción de la escuela y la autoestima familiar y escolar. Así, la percepción negativa de la escuela se asocia positivamente con la violencia escolar, mientras que la autoestima escolar se encuentra negativamente asociada con la violencia. También se han encontrado diferencias entre adolescentes rechazados y aceptados en la relación entre el apoyo parental y la violencia escolar. La autoestima familiar se asocia con la violencia escolar únicamente en adolescentes rechazados mientras que el apoyo del padre se relaciona con la autoestima escolar únicamente en los alumnos aceptados. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones.

The general aim of the present study is to examine whether the link between the family and school contexts, as well as school violence is different among peer accepted and peer rejected adolescents. Participants were 1068 adolescents, ages ranged from 11 to 16 years old, from four schools in Valencian Community (Spain). Structural equation modeling was carried out using the EQS program and multigroup analysis between peer accepted and peer rejected adolescents were conducted. Results show that parental support is related to school violence through perception of school, family and school self-esteem. So, perception of school is positive related to school-based violence, whereas academic and family self-esteem are negatively related. It is also found some differences between peer rejected and accepted adolescents on the relationship between parental support and school violence. Family self-esteem is negatively associated with school-based violence only on rejected adolescents, whereas parents support is related to academic self-esteem only on accepted adolescents. Finally, results and its possible implications are discussed.